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FOREARM and HAND

PALM Palmar aponeurosis (LE)/ (SE) Palmar aponeurosis is the deep fascia in the central region of the palm. It is regarded as the degenerated tendon of palmaris longus.   Features It is Triangular in shape and has Apex, Base, Medial border and Lateral border Apex Is the narrow proximal end. It blends with flexor retinaculum. Base is the broad distal end divides into four longitudinal slips proximal to heads of metacarpals to medial four digits each slip further divides into two slips which blend with fibrous flexor sheath of corresponding digits. The digital nerves, vessels and tendon of lumbricals emerge through the interval between four longitudinal slips Medial border Continuous with deep fascia covering the hypothenar muscles Gives origin to palmaris brevis Lateral border Continuous with deep fascia covering the thenar muscles From the medial and lateral borders, medial and lateral palmar septa pass backwards and divide the palm into compartments. Functions: Helps to improve th...
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PECTORAL REGION

PECTORAL REGION MAMMARY GLAND (LE) MAMMARY GLAND- BLOOD SUPPLY, LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE AND APPLIED ANATOMY. (SE ) The female mammary gland is a gland of lactation. Though it is present in males it is not functional. Extent Transversely from lateral margin of sternum to midaxillary line Vertically from 2 nd  to 6 th  rib A small extension into the axilla is known as Axillary tail Structure- The mammary gland is made up of modified sweat glands and  fibro-fatty  tissue and lies wholly in the superficial fascia. In the central part there is a projection called the nipple and around it a pigmented area known as areola. The gland has 18 to 20 lobes, seperated by connective tissue. Each lobe is made up of a number of acini which opens separately through the nipple by lactiferous duct and presents a dilatation close to the terminal part called lactiferous sinus. Fibrous septae extending between skin and pectoral fascia called suspensory ligament, anchors the gland to the underl...
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MEDIASTINUM

  DEFINE MEDIASTINUM. DESCRIBE THE SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM UNDER THE FOLLOWING HEADINGS: (A) BOUNDARIES (B) CONTENTS (C) APPLIED ASPECT. (LE) DIVISION OF MEDIASTINUM AND NAME THE CONTENTS OF SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM? (SE) SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM- BOUNDARIES AND CONTENTS. (SA) Mediastinum is the space in the thoracic cavity in between the two pleural cavities Divisions of the mediastinum Mediastinum is divided into superior and inferior mediastinum by an imaginary plane passing through sternal angle ( anteriorly) and the lower border of 4 TH  thoracic vertebra ( posteriorly). The inferior mediastinum is further divided into anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. It is divided by the pericardium which occupies the middle mediastinum. The part of mediastinum in front of the pericardium is anterior mediastinum, and that behind the pericardium is the posterior mediastinum. Superior mediastinum Boundaries: - Anteriorly- manubrium sterni Posteriorly- upper four thoracic vertebra Inferiorl...
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