BONES OF UPPER LIMB-NOTES(RGUHS PREVIOUS QUESTIONS)

CORACOID PROCESS(SE)

Coracoid process is one of the processes of scapula which resembles a bent finger.

Attachments

Muscles

Upper surface-  Pectoralis minor-

Tip of the process-   Short head of biceps brachii and  coracobrachialis

Supraglenoid tubercle -  Long head of biceps

Ligaments

Medial border-  coracoclavicular ligament

Lateral border-  coracoacromial ligament

 Root-  transverse scapular ligament

Fascia

Lateral attachment of clavipectoral fascia

 

UPPER END OF HUMERUS   (SE)

The upper end of humerus consists of head, neck, greater tubercle and lesser tubercle and intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove.

Head

 it is spheroidal(1/3 of sphere) and covered by articular cartilage

Articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula

Greater tubercle

To the upper surface, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor (rotator cuff muscles)are attached.

Lesser tubercle

Subscapularis  is inserted into it.

Intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove

Long head of biceps passes through it.

Lateral lip of the sulcus gives insertion to pectoralis major

Medial lip gives insertion to teres major

Floor of the sulcus provides insertion to latissimus dorsi

 

PECULIARITIES OF CLAVICLE(SA)

Clavicle is only long bone placed horizontally and is subcutaneous

It has no medullary cavity

Ossifies mostly in membrane

It is sometimes pierced by Cutaneous nerves.

It is ossified by two primary centers

It is first to start ossification and last to complete.

 

MUSCLES ATTACHED TO CLAVICLE    (SA)

Medial 2/3

Superior surface – sternocleidomastoid

Inferior surface – subclavian groove

Anterior surface-  medial half provides origin to pectoralis major

Posterior surface – sternohyoid muscle near the sterna end

Lateral 1/3

Anterior border- deltoid muscle

Posterior border-  trapezius

Inferior surface -  conoid tubercle and trapezoid ridge gives attachment to the conoid and trapezoid part of coracoclavicular ligament

 

LIGAMENTS ATTACHED TO CLAVICLE    (SA)

Costo-clavicular ligament connects the sternal end of clavicle to the first rib

Coraco-clavicular ligament has two parts, conoid and trapezoid part which are attached to the conoid tubercle and trapezoid ridge of the lateral 1/3 of clavicle.

It is a very strong ligament and suspends the scapula from the lateral third of clavicle.

It transmits the weight of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.

 

 

 

SPINE OF SCAPULA   (SA)

Spine of scapula is a triangular shelf like process present on the dorsal surface of scapula laterally it is continuous with acromion.

It has a base, apex upper and lower surfaces and posterior border (crest)

The upper surface provides attachments to supraspinatus

Inferior surface  to the infrapinatus muscle

The crest of spine has upper and lower lips. Upper lip gives insertion to trapezius. Lower lip gives origin to deltoid muscle.

 

MEDIAL BORDER OF SCAPULA  (SA)

Medial border of scapula extends from superior to inferior angle. The border has costal surface and dorsal surface.

Costal surface of medial border- gives attachments to seratus anterior

Dorsal surface of medial border receives insertion of levator scapulae from superior angle to apex of spine of scapula.

Rhomboids minor is attached opposite to the apex of the spine.

Rhomboids major is attached to the rest of the medial border.

 

BICIPITAL GROOVE OF HUMERUS(SA)

SURGICAL NECK OF HUMERUS(SA)

Surgical neck is the constriction between the upper end and cylindrical shaft of humerus.

It is posteriorly related to the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral vessels.

Fracture of surgical neck may injure axillary nerve , resulting in paralysis of deltoid muscle.

SPIRAL GROOVE /RADIAL GROOVE OF HUMERUS(SA)

Spiral groove is present in the posterior surface of the upper part of the shaft of the humerus.

Structures passing through

Radial nerve .while passing through the groove radial nerve gives branches to medial and lateral heads of triceps muscle

Profunda brachii vessels.

NERVES RELATED TO HUMERUS(SA)

Axillary nerve related to surgical neck of humerus

Radial nerve passes through radial groove on the shaft of humerus.

Ulnar nerve is closely related to the posterior surface of medial epicondyle of humerus

 

POSTERIOR SURFACE OF SHAFT OF ULNA(SA)

Posterior surface of ulna lies between the posterior and interosseous borders.

The surface is divided by an oblique into upper ¼ and lower ¾ . Lower ¾ is further divided into lateral and medial part.

Upper ¼ receives insertion of anconeus. Lower lateral part gives origin to abductor pollicis longus,extensor pollicis longusand extensor indicis.

The lower medial part is overlapped by extensor carpi ulnaris.

 

PISIFORM BONE(SA)

Pisiform is a pea shaped carpal bone in the proximal row of carpals

It is considered as a sesamoid bone in the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris.

Pisiform articulates only with triquetral bone. Compared to other carpal bones it   ossifies last (12years).